See astoing on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "eitigh"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"word": "etchid"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)tewg-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*exsstungeti",
"t": "to bend out"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *exsstungeti (“to bend out”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a conflation of Proto-Celtic *exsstungeti (“to bend out”) and tongaid (“to swear”). The two verbs are genetically unrelated.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "as·toing",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "·eitig",
"links": [
[
"·eitig",
"eitig"
]
],
"tags": [
"prototonic"
]
},
{
"form": "etech",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "present",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-conj-complex",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "as·toing",
"links": [
[
"as·toing",
"astoing#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "·eitig",
"links": [
[
"·eitig",
"eitig#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "·eitegar",
"links": [
[
"·eitegar",
"eitegar#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indicative",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "at·cuitig",
"links": [
[
"at·cuitig",
"atcuitig#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "as·tó",
"links": [
[
"as·tó",
"astó#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "·ettis",
"links": [
[
"·ettis",
"ettis#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "etech",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"noun-from-verb",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-mutation",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "as·toing",
"links": [
[
"as·toing",
"astoing#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-radical"
]
},
{
"form": "as·toing",
"links": [
[
"as·toing",
"astoing#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition",
"mutation"
]
},
{
"form": "as·toing",
"links": [
[
"as·toing",
"astoing#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"mutation"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"10": "{{{prot2}}}",
"11": "verbal noun",
"12": "etech",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{2}}}",
"2": "verb",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{conj}}}",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{conj2}}}",
"7": "prototonic",
"8": "·eitig",
"9": "",
"head": "as·toing",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "as·toing (prototonic ·eitig, verbal noun etech)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etech",
"head": "as·toing",
"prot": "·eitig"
},
"expansion": "as·toing (prototonic ·eitig, verbal noun etech)",
"name": "sga-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"perfect_3s_deut": "at·cuitig",
"present_3s_deut": "as·toing",
"present_3s_prot": "·eitig",
"present_class": "B III",
"present_ps_prot": "·eitegar",
"preterite_class": "reduplicated",
"subjunctive_2s_prot": "·ettis",
"subjunctive_3s_deut": "as·tó",
"subjunctive_class": "s",
"verbal_noun": "etech"
},
"name": "sga-conj-complex"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "p"
},
"name": "sga-mutation"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
8
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
12,
18
]
],
"english": "May you not refuse anyone... [unintelligible; without a cow? except in the case of bad service? without a burdensome retinue (if read as cena dáim n-ainceisse]?",
"text": "Ní ettis nech cena domanches.",
"translation": "May you not refuse anyone... [unintelligible; without a cow? except in the case of bad service? without a burdensome retinue (if read as cena dáim n-ainceisse]?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
18
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"english": "...women who refuse [food] to every kind of person, these are the women who do not deserve any honour-price.",
"text": "[...] ben is·toing cach richt, ate mná ind-so ná dlé lóg-enech.",
"translation": "...women who refuse [food] to every kind of person, these are the women who do not deserve any honour-price.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to refuse"
],
"id": "en-astoing-sga-verb-R9KotZIr",
"links": [
[
"refuse",
"refuse"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/asˈt̪oŋʲɡʲ/"
}
],
"word": "astoing"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "eitigh"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"word": "etchid"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)tewg-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*exsstungeti",
"t": "to bend out"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *exsstungeti (“to bend out”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a conflation of Proto-Celtic *exsstungeti (“to bend out”) and tongaid (“to swear”). The two verbs are genetically unrelated.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "as·toing",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "·eitig",
"links": [
[
"·eitig",
"eitig"
]
],
"tags": [
"prototonic"
]
},
{
"form": "etech",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "present",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-conj-complex",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "as·toing",
"links": [
[
"as·toing",
"astoing#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "·eitig",
"links": [
[
"·eitig",
"eitig#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "·eitegar",
"links": [
[
"·eitegar",
"eitegar#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indicative",
"passive",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "at·cuitig",
"links": [
[
"at·cuitig",
"atcuitig#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "as·tó",
"links": [
[
"as·tó",
"astó#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "·ettis",
"links": [
[
"·ettis",
"ettis#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "etech",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"noun-from-verb",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-mutation",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "as·toing",
"links": [
[
"as·toing",
"astoing#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-radical"
]
},
{
"form": "as·toing",
"links": [
[
"as·toing",
"astoing#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition",
"mutation"
]
},
{
"form": "as·toing",
"links": [
[
"as·toing",
"astoing#Old_Irish"
]
],
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"mutation"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"10": "{{{prot2}}}",
"11": "verbal noun",
"12": "etech",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{2}}}",
"2": "verb",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{conj}}}",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{conj2}}}",
"7": "prototonic",
"8": "·eitig",
"9": "",
"head": "as·toing",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "as·toing (prototonic ·eitig, verbal noun etech)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etech",
"head": "as·toing",
"prot": "·eitig"
},
"expansion": "as·toing (prototonic ·eitig, verbal noun etech)",
"name": "sga-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"perfect_3s_deut": "at·cuitig",
"present_3s_deut": "as·toing",
"present_3s_prot": "·eitig",
"present_class": "B III",
"present_ps_prot": "·eitegar",
"preterite_class": "reduplicated",
"subjunctive_2s_prot": "·ettis",
"subjunctive_3s_deut": "as·tó",
"subjunctive_class": "s",
"verbal_noun": "etech"
},
"name": "sga-conj-complex"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "p"
},
"name": "sga-mutation"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish class B III present verbs",
"Old Irish complex verbs",
"Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Irish lemmas",
"Old Irish reduplicated preterite verbs",
"Old Irish s subjunctive verbs",
"Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old Irish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)tewg-",
"Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
"Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old Irish terms with quotations",
"Old Irish verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
8
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
12,
18
]
],
"english": "May you not refuse anyone... [unintelligible; without a cow? except in the case of bad service? without a burdensome retinue (if read as cena dáim n-ainceisse]?",
"text": "Ní ettis nech cena domanches.",
"translation": "May you not refuse anyone... [unintelligible; without a cow? except in the case of bad service? without a burdensome retinue (if read as cena dáim n-ainceisse]?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
18
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"english": "...women who refuse [food] to every kind of person, these are the women who do not deserve any honour-price.",
"text": "[...] ben is·toing cach richt, ate mná ind-so ná dlé lóg-enech.",
"translation": "...women who refuse [food] to every kind of person, these are the women who do not deserve any honour-price.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to refuse"
],
"links": [
[
"refuse",
"refuse"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/asˈt̪oŋʲɡʲ/"
}
],
"word": "astoing"
}
Download raw JSONL data for astoing meaning in All languages combined (5.2kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'deut.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'prot.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'imperfect indicative'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'deut.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'imperfect indicative'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'prot.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'deut.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'prot.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'deut.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'prot.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'deut.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'prot.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'deut.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'prot.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'deut.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'prot.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'deut.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'prot.'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'verbal of necessity'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nasalization'",
"path": [
"astoing"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "astoing",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.